Raphael Rubinstein is a New York-based poet and art critic whose numerous books include (Interestingly, both Isgrò and Broodthaers were lapsed poets, or, rather, poets who decided to continue poetry by other means.) In 1967, Jacques Derrida published de la Grammatologie in which he put the word “Being” sous rature (under erasure) by overlaying it with a typographic X, a chiasmic device he borrowed from Martin Heidegger, but which he employed with intentions and meanings distinctly different from the German philosopher. During the 1960s, a growing number of artists and writers, in disparate locations around the world and mostly unaware of one another, took up the practice of erasure and effacement: in New York City, Doris Cross started painting over dictionary pages Tom Phillips in London began to partially obliterate pages from an obscure Victorian novel in Italy, Emilio Isgrò commenced his cancellatura (cancellations), in which he methodically blacked out lines of text Austrian concrete poet Gerhard Rühm used India ink to largely obliterate a newspaper front page in Belgium in 1968, Marcel Broodthaers crossed out selected words in an anti-Minimalist, blackboard-like painting and, the next year, published his version of Mallarmé’s “Un coup de dès jamais n’abolira le hasard,” in which every line of typeset words was replaced by a black band of equal length.
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